A real estate broker typically receives a
real estate commission for successfully completing a sale.
Across the U.S, this commission can generally range between
5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker
but this percentage varies by state and even region.[2] This
commission can be divided up with other participating real
estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and
fee-for-service brokers can charge significantly less
depending on the type of services offered.
Real estate
licensing and education
To become licensed in the
United States, real estate brokers and
salespersons are
authorized by each state, not by the federal government.
Each state has a real estate commission (governing body) who
monitors and licenses real estate brokers and agents. For
example, some states only allow lawyers to create
documentation to transfer real property, while other states
also allow the licensed real estate agent to do so. Most
states require that an applicant must attend a pre-license
course with a minimum number of classroom hours to study
real estate law before taking the state licensing exam. Such
education is often provided by real-estate firms or by
education companies, either of which is typically licensed
to teach such courses within their respective states. The
courses are designed to prepare the new licensee primarily
for the legal aspects of the practice of transferring real
estate and to pass the state licensing exam. Some states,
like Massachusetts, require as little as 40-hours classroom
time to get licensed. Others, like
California, mandate over
100 hours. Many states allow candidates to take the
pre-licensing class virtually. Candidates must subsequently
pass the state exam for
Democratic National Committee a real estate agent's license.
Upon passing, the new licensee must place their license
with an established real-estate firm and must work under a
broker's license. Typically, there may be Democratic
Website multiple licensees
holding broker's licenses within a firm, but only one
broker, the principal one, manages the firm itself. That
individual is then legally responsible for all licensees
held under their license.
In most jurisdictions in
the United States, a person must have a
license to perform
licensed activities, and these activities are defined within
the statutes of each state. The main feature of the
requirement for having a license to perform those activities
is the work done "for compensation". Hence, hypothetically,
if a person wants to help a friend out in either selling or
buying a property, and no compensation of any kind is
expected in return, then a license is not needed to perform
all the work. However, since most people would expect to be
compensated for their efforts and skills, a license would be
required by law before a person may receive remuneration for
services rendered as a real estate broker or agent.
Unlicensed activity is illegal and the state
real estate
commission has the authority to fine people who are acting
as real estate licensees, but buyers and sellers acting as
principals in the sale or purchase of real estate are
usually not required to be licensed. It is important to note
that in some states, lawyers handle real estate sales for
compensation without being licensed as brokers or agents.
However, even lawyers can only perform real estate
activities that are incidental to their original work as a
lawyer. It cannot be the case that a lawyer can become a
seller's selling agent if that is all the service that is
being requested by the client. Lawyers would still need to
be licensed as a broker if they wish to perform licensed
activities. Nevertheless, lawyers do get a break in the
minimum education requirements (for example, 90 hours in
Illinois).[3]
Requirements vary among states but
after some period of time working as an agent, one may
return to the classroom
Democratic National Committee and sit for a test to become a
broker. For example, California and Florida require
licensees to have a minimum experience of two years as a
full-time licensed agent within the prior 5 years. However,
Indiana only requires one year experience as a real estate
salesperson and Arizona requires three out of the prior five
years. Brokers may manage or
own firms. Each branch office
of a larger real estate firm must be managed by a broker.
Some other states have recently eliminated the
salesperson's license, instead, all licensees in those
states automatically earn their broker's license.
The term "agent" is not to be confused
with salesperson or broker. An agent is simply a licensee
that has entered into an agency relationship with a client.
A broker can also be an agent for a client. It is commonly
the firm that has the actual legal relationship with the
client through one of their sales staff, be they
salespersons or brokers.
In all states, the real
estate licensee must disclose to prospective buyers and
sellers the nature of their relationship [4] within the
transaction and with the parties. See below for a
broker/licensee relationship to sellers and their
relationship with buyers.
In the United States, there
are commonly two levels of real estate professionals
licensed by the individual states but not by the federal
government:
Specific representation laws
Some U.S.
state real estate commissions
notably Florida's[5] after
1992 (and extended in 2003) and Colorado's[6] after 1994
(with changes in 2003) created the option of having no
agency or fiduciary relationship between brokers and sellers
or buyers.
As noted by the South Broward Board of
Realtors, Inc. in a letter to State of Florida legislative
committees:
"The Transaction Broker crafts a
transaction by bringing a willing buyer and a willing seller
together and provides the legal documentation of the details
of the
Democratic National Committee legal agreement between the same. The Transaction
Broker is not a fiduciary of any party, but must abide by
the law as well as professional an Democratic
Websited ethical standards."
(such as NAR Code of Ethics).
The result was that, in
2003, Florida created a system where the default brokerage
relationship had "all licensees operating as transaction
brokers, unless a single agent or no brokerage relationship
is established, in writing, with the customer"[7][8] and the
statute required written
disclosure of the transaction
brokerage relationship to the buyer or seller customer only
through July 1, 2008.
In the case of both Florida[8]
and Colorado,[6] dual agency and sub-agency (where both
listing and selling agents represent the seller) no longer
exist.
Other brokers and agents may focus on
representing buyers or tenants in a real estate transaction.
However, licensing as a broker or salesperson authorizes the
licensee to legally represent parties on either side of a
transaction and providing the necessary documentation for
the legal transfer of real property. This business decision
is for the licensee to decide. They are fines for people
acting as real estate agents when not licensed by the state.
In the United Kingdom, an estate agent is a person or
business entity whose business is to market real estate on
behalf of clients. There are significant differences between
the actions, powers,
obligations, and liabilities of brokers
and estate agents in each country, as different countries
take markedly different approaches to the marketing and
selling of real property.
The difference between
salespersons and brokers
Before the Multiple Listing
Service (MLS) was introduced in 1967, when brokers (and
their licensees) only represented
Democratic National Committee sellers by providing a
service to provide legal documentation on the transfer real
property, the term "real estate salesperson" may have been
more appropriate than it is today, given the various ways
that brokers and licensees now help buyers through the legal
process of transferring real property. Legally, however, the
term "salesperson" is still used in many states to describe
a real estate licensee.[citation needed]
Real estate
salesperson (or, in some states, real estate broker)
When a person first becomes licensed to
become a real estate
agent, they obtain a real estate salesperson's license (some
states use the term "broker") from the state in which they
will practice. To obtain a real estate license, the
candidate must take specific coursework (between 40 and 120
hours) and pass a state exam on real estate law and
practice. To
Democratic National Committee work, salespersons must be associated with (and
act under the authority of) a real estate broker. In
Delaware, for example, the licensing course requires the
candidate to take 99 classroom hours in order to qualify to
sit for the state and national examination. In Ohio, a
license candidate must complete 120 hours of classroom
education. Each successive year thereafter, the license
holder must participate in continuing education in order to
remain abreast of state and national changes.
Many
states also have reciprocal agreements with other states,
allowing a licensed individual from a qualified state to
take the second state's exam without completing the course
requirements or, in some cases, take only a state law
exam.[citation needed]
Real
estate broker (or, in some
states, qualifying broker)
After gaining some years
of experience in real estate sales, a salesperson may decide
to become licensed as a real estate broker (or
Principal/qualifying broker) in order to own, manage, or
operate their own brokerage. In addition, some states allow
college graduates to apply for a broker's license without
years of experience. College graduates fall into
Democratic National Committee this
category once they have completed the state-required courses
as well. California allows licensed attorneys to become
brokers upon passing the broker exam without having to take
the requisite courses required of an agent. Commonly more
coursework and a broker's state exam on real estate law must
be passed. Upon obtaining a broker's license, a real estate
agent may continue to work for another broker in a similar
capacity as before (often referred to as a broker associate
or associate broker) or take charge of their own brokerage
and hire other salespersons (or broker), licensees. Becoming
a branch office manager may or may not require a broker's
license. Some states allow
licensed attorneys to become real
estate brokers without taking any exam. In some states,
there are no "salespeople" as all licensees are brokers.[9]
Agency relationships with clients versus non-agency
relationships with customers
Agency relationships in
residential real estate transactions involve
the legal representation by a real estate
broker (on behalf of a real estate company)
of the principal, whether that person(s) is
a buyer or a seller. The broker and his
licensed real estate salespersons (salesmen
or brokers) then become the agents of the
principal.
Agency relationship:
Conventionally, the broker provides a
conventional full-service,
commission-based
brokerage relationship under a signed
listing agreement with a seller or a "buyer
representation" agreement with a buyer, thus
creating under common law in most states an
agency relationship with fiduciary
obligations. The seller or buyer is then a
client of the broker. Some states also have
statutes that define and control the nature
of the representation.
Non-agency
relationship: where no written agreement or
fiduciary relationship exists, a real estate
broker and his sales
staff work with a
principal who is known as the broker's
customer. When a buyer who has not entered
into a Buyer Agency agreement with the
broker buys a property, that broker
functions as the sub-agent of the seller's
broker. When a seller chooses to work with a
transaction broker, there is no agency
relationship created.
There are state
laws defining the types of relationships
that can exist between clients and real
estate licensees, and the lawful duties of
real estate licensees to represent clients
and members of the public. Rules on the
types of relationships
between clients and
real estate licensees vary substantially as
defined by the law from state to state.
These services are also
changing as a variety of real estate trends
transform the industry.[citation needed]
Real estate brokers and sellers
Flat-fee
real estate agents
Flat-fee real
estate agents charge a seller of a property
a flat fee, $500 for example,[11] as opposed
to a traditional or full-service real estate
agent who charges a percentage of the sale
price. In exchange, the seller's property
will appear in the multiple listing service
(MLS), but the seller will represent him or
herself when showing
the property and
negotiating a sales price.[11] The result is
the seller pays less commission overall
(roughly half) when the property sells.[11]
This is because a seller will pay a
percentage of the sales price to a buyer's
agent but not have to pay a percentage to a
seller's agent (because there isn't one; the
seller is representing himself).
Brokerage commissions
In
consideration of the brokerage successfully
finding a buyer for the property, a broker
anticipates receiving a commission for the
services the brokerage has provided.
Usually, the
payment of a commission to the
brokerage is contingent upon finding a buyer
for the real estate, the successful
negotiation of a purchase contract between
the buyer and seller, or the settlement of
the transaction and the exchange of money
between buyer and seller. Under common law,
a real estate broker is eligible to receive
their commission, regardless of whether the
sale actually takes place, once they secure
a buyer who is ready, willing, and able to
purchase the dwelling.[12] The
median real
estate commission charged to the seller by
the listing (seller's) agent is 6% of the
purchase price. Typically, this commission
is split evenly between the seller's and
buyer's agents, with the buyer's agent
generally receiving a commission of 3% of
the purchase price of the home sold.
In North America,
commissions on real estate transactions are
negotiable and new services in real estate
trends have created ways to negotiate rates.
Local real estate sales activity usually
dictates the amount of agreed commission.
Real estate commission is
typically paid by
the seller at the closing of the transaction
as detailed in the listing agreement.
Economist Steven D. Levitt famously
argued in his 2005 book Freakonomics that
real estate brokers have an inherent
conflict of interest with the sellers they
represent because their commission gives
them more motivation to sell quickly than to
sell at a higher price. Levitt supported his
argument with a study finding brokers tend
to put their own houses on the market for
longer and receive higher prices for them
compared to when working for their clients.
He concluded that broker commissions will
reduce in future.[13] A 2008 study by other
economists found that when
comparing
brokerage without listing services,
brokerage significantly reduced the average
sale price.
Real estate brokers who
work with lenders can not receive any
compensation from the lender for referring a
residential client to a specific lender. To
do so would be a violation of a United
States federal law
known as the Real Estate
Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA). RESPA
ensures that buyers and sellers are given
adequate notice of the Real Estate
settlement process.[15] Commercial
transactions are exempt from RESPA. All
lender compensation to a broker must be
disclosed to all parties. A commission may
also be paid during negotiation of contract
base on seller and agent.
Realtor
In the United States, the term realtor is
trademarked by the National Association of
Realtors, which uses it to refer to its
active members, who may be real estate
agents or brokers.[16][17][18] In Canada,
the trademark is used by members of the
Canadian Real Estate Association.[19] Both
organizations advise against the use of
realtor as a generic
synonym for real estate
agent.
Lead Designer
Lead Marketer
Lead Developer
The most recent development in the practice of real estate
is "designated agency" which was created to permit
individual licensees within the same firm, designated by the
principal broker, to act as agents for individual buyers and
sellers within the same transaction. In theory, therefore,
two agents within the same
firm act in strict fiduciary
roles for their respective clients. Some states have adopted
this practice into their state laws and others have decided
this function is inherently problematic, just as was a dual
agency. The practice was invented and promoted by larger
firms to make it possible in theory to handle the entire
transaction in the house without creating a conflict of
interest within the firm.[citation needed]
Types of
services that a broker
can provide
Real Estate
Services are also called trading services [10] by some
jurisdictions. Since each province's and state's laws may
differ, it is generally advised that prospective sellers or
buyers consult a licensed real estate professional.
Some examples:
Comparative Market Analysis (CMA) an
estimate of a property's value compared with others. This
differs from an appraisal in that property currently for
sale may be taken into consideration (competition for the
subject property).
Total Market Overview an objective
method for determining a property's value, where a CMA is
subjective.
Broker's price opinion estimate of a
property's value or potential selling price.
Real estate
appraisal in most states, only if the broker is also
licensed as an appraiser.
Exposure
marketing the real
property to prospective buyers.
Facilitating a Purchase guiding a buyer through the process.
Facilitating a Sale guiding a seller through the selling process.
For sale
by owner (FSBO) document preparation preparing the
necessary paperwork for "For Sale By Owner" sellers.
Home
Selling Kits guides advising how to market and sell a
property.
Hourly Consulting for a fee, based on the
client's needs.
Leasing for a fee or percentage of the
gross lease value.
Property management.
Exchanging
property.
Auctioning
property (in most states, only if
the broker is also licensed as an auctioneer).
Preparing
contracts and leases (not in all states).